If heat rises, why is it so cold in the upper atmosphere?


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Question

If heat rises, why is it so cold in the upper atmosphere?

Asked by: Chris O'Quinn

Answer

The saying "heat rises" is an acknowledgement of the fact that warmer air has a lower density than the surrounding atmosphere, and therefore, being of lower density, it will rise. This rising is limited however - think about it - if there were no limit to hot air rising, then the entire atmosphere would float out into space. The reason it is "cold" in the upper atmosphere is actually because of a lower air density. Remember that our concept of "temperature" as measured by a thermometer is actually the energy of the collisions between atoms. If you have a high density of atoms and you put thermal energy into the system you will raise the temperature. In the upper reaches of the atmosphere, the decreasing density means that even if the temperature were constant, it would FEEL like the temperature was going down. This lowering of temperature with altitude is called the "lapse rate" and a standard lapse rate is about 3deg Fahrenheit per 1000 feet. This can change from 1-5 degrees F depending on variables like pressure, humidity, etc. If you want to learn more about it, search for information on the tropopause.

Answered by: Frank DiBonaventuro, B.S., Air Force Officer, Physics grad, The Citadel

Air molecules in our atmosphere are constantly in motion. They are constantly banging into each other and into things around them. When you blow up a balloon, the air molecules bang into the insides of the balloon and that is what makes the balloon expand.

This motion is a form of kinetic energy. Things that moves and have mass have kinetic energy. Air molecules move and have mass, so they have kinetic energy. Air temperature is essentially a measure of the average kinetic energy of the air molecules.

The faster the molecules move, the higher their kinetic energy and therefore the higher their temperature. The slower they move, the lower their kinetic energy and temperature. If they stop moving altogether, the temperature drops to Absolute Zero which is -273 degrees Centigrade. It's called Absolute Zero because that is the coldest you can get. You can't move slower than not moving at all.

Now there is one more concept to explain to understand why it is colder at higher elevations. It covers the conversion between one type of energy and another. In this case, it is the conversion from kinetic energy to potential energy.

We already discussed that kinetic energy is related to speed. The faster something moves, the more kinetic energy it will have. Now consider what happens when you throw a ball into the air. The higher it goes, the slower it goes. Eventually, it slows to the point where it stops and starts heading back to the earth. When the ball slows down, it loses kinetic energy, but it is gaining potential energy. The form of potential energy that the ball gains is in the form of height. It took energy to raise the ball, and that energy came from the kinetic energy.

So now to answer the question.

When the warm air rises, the speed of those air molecules slows down just like a ball that is thrown into the air slows down. The molecules convert their kinetic energy into potential energy when they rise into the air just like the ball did. And since temperature is a measure of kinetic energy, the lower kinetic energy means a lower temperature.

Answered by: Jim Jaskol, B.S., Engineer - BSEE from UCLA, Los Angeles

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